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C++ Programing
What are the characteristics of C++ ?
C++ is a programming language that was developed from the C programming language. It is an object-oriented programming language and has several characteristics that distinguish it from other programming languages. Here are some of the key characteristics of C++:
Object-oriented programming: C++ is an object-oriented programming language, which means it supports concepts such as classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
Compiled language: C++ is a compiled language, which means that the source code is first compiled into machine code before it can be executed.
High performance: C++ is a high-performance language that is often used in system programming, embedded systems, and game development.
Standard Template Library (STL): C++ provides a powerful and extensive library of algorithms, data structures, and other utilities called the Standard Template Library (STL).
Multi-paradigm: C++ is a multi-paradigm language, which means it supports multiple programming styles, such as procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming.
Low-level memory manipulation: C++ allows for direct manipulation of memory and provides facilities for low-level programming.
Portability: C++ code can be compiled and run on various platforms, including Windows, Linux, and macOS.
Static typing: C++ is a statically typed language, which means that variables and functions must be declared with their data types before use.
Extensibility: C++ is an extensible language that can be extended with new functionality through the use of libraries and frameworks.
Compatibility with C: C++ is compatible with the C programming language, which means that C++ code can call C functions and libraries, and vice versa.
What are the advantages of OOPs in C++ ?
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses objects to represent and manipulate data. Here are some advantages of OOP:
Modularity: OOP allows for the creation of modular code, where individual objects can be created and reused as needed, making the code more maintainable and easier to modify.
Encapsulation: OOP allows for data encapsulation, which means that data is hidden within the object and can only be accessed through the object’s methods. This helps to protect the data from being modified or accessed directly by other parts of the program.
Inheritance: OOP allows for inheritance, which means that new classes can be created by inheriting the properties and methods of existing classes. This makes it easier to create new classes that have similar functionality to existing ones.
Polymorphism: OOP allows for polymorphism, which means that objects of different types can be treated as if they are of the same type. This allows for more flexible and modular code.
Reusability: OOP promotes code reusability, where code can be reused in different parts of the program or in different programs. This can save time and effort in development.
Abstraction: OOP allows for abstraction, which means that the complexity of a system can be hidden behind simpler interfaces. This makes it easier to develop and maintain complex systems.
Better problem-solving: OOP provides a better way to model and solve problems, which can lead to more effective and efficient solutions.
Security: OOP helps to improve security by reducing the risk of unauthorized access to data and by allowing for better error handling.
Overall, OOP provides a number of benefits that can make programming more efficient, modular, and flexible, and can lead to more effective and secure software.
What is an object in C++ ?
In C++, an object is an instance of a class. A class is a blueprint for creating objects that define a set of data and methods to manipulate that data. When an object is created from a class, it has its own set of member variables and member functions, which can be accessed and manipulated through the object.
For example, consider the following class:
class Circle {
private:
double radius;
public:
void setRadius(double r) {
radius = r;
}
double getRadius() {
return radius;
}
double getArea() {
return 3.14 * radius * radius;
}
};
Find output of the following program –
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void pause(); // Prototype
int main()
{
cout << endl << "Dear reader, "
<< endl << "have a ";
pause();
cout << "!" << endl;
return 0;
}
void pause()
{
cout << "BREAK";
} The output of the given code will be:
Dear reader,
have a BREAK!
Explanation: The code defines a function called ‘pause‘ that prints the word “BREAK” to the console. The main function calls the ‘pause‘ function, which prints “BREAK” to the console, and then the main function prints a “!” to the console, resulting in the final output of “Dear reader, have a BREAK!”.
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