JavaScript

var x = "10";
var y = 5;

var result = Number(x) + y;
console.log(result);  // Output: 15

In the above example, the string value `"10"` is explicitly coerced to a number using the `Number()` function before performing addition with the variable `y`.

Implicit Coercion: Implicit coercion happens when JavaScript automatically converts the type of a value during an operation. This can lead to unexpected results if you’re not aware of the coercion rules. Common examples include using the + operator for concatenation or addition and using the comparison operators.

var x = 10;
var y = "5";

var result = x + y;
console.log(result);  // Output: "105"

In this case, the number `10` is implicitly coerced into a string because the other operand is a string. The `+` operator performs concatenation, resulting in the string `"105"`.

It’s important to be cautious when relying on implicit coercion as it can sometimes lead to code that is difficult to understand and debug. It’s generally recommended to use explicit coercion to ensure clarity and prevent unexpected behavior in your code.

var myString = "Hello, world!";

In this case, `"Hello, world!"` is a string.

On the other hand, a number in JavaScript represents numeric values. Numbers can be integers (whole numbers) or floating-point numbers (numbers with a decimal point). For example:

var myNumber = 42;

In this case, `42` is a number.

The main difference between strings and numbers in JavaScript is their inherent nature and the type of operations that can be performed on them.

Operations: Strings can be concatenated (joined together) using the + operator, which results in the concatenation of the characters. For example:

var str1 = "Hello";
var str2 = "world";
var result = str1 + ", " + str2;
console.log(result);  // Output: "Hello, world"

Numbers, on the other hand, can undergo mathematical operations such as addition (`+`), subtraction (`-`), multiplication (`*`), division (`/`), and more. For example:

var num1 = 5;
var num2 = 7;
var sum = num1 + num2;
console.log(sum);  // Output: 12

Coercion: As mentioned earlier, JavaScript allows for type coercion, where it automatically converts values of one type to another. For example, when you use the `+` operator with a string and a number, JavaScript will implicitly coerce the number to a string and perform string concatenation. Example:

var str = "The answer is: ";
var num = 42;
var result = str + num;
console.log(result);  // Output: "The answer is: 42"

In this case, the number `42` is implicitly coerced into a string and concatenated with the string `"The answer is: "`.

It’s important to note that JavaScript provides functions like `parseInt()` and `parseFloat()` to explicitly convert strings to numbers and vice versa.

Overall, strings and numbers are distinct data types in JavaScript, and understanding their differences helps determine how they behave and the operations that can be performed on them.

var str = "42";
var num = parseInt(str);
console.log(num);  // Output: 42

var floatStr = "3.14";
var floatNum = parseFloat(floatStr);
console.log(floatNum);  // Output: 3.14

Number to String: To convert a number to a string, you can use the `String()` function or the `toString()` method of the number.

var num = 42;
var str = String(num);
console.log(str);  // Output: "42"

var anotherNum = 3.14;
var strNum = anotherNum.toString();
console.log(strNum);  // Output: "3.14"

Boolean to String or Number: To convert a boolean value to a string or number, you can use the String() or Number() functions. When converting true, it becomes "true" or 1, respectively. When converting false, it becomes "false" or 0, respectively.

var bool = true;
var str = String(bool);
console.log(str);  // Output: "true"

var num = Number(bool);
console.log(num);  // Output: 1

String to Boolean: To convert a string to a boolean value, you can use the `Boolean()` function. It will return `false` for an empty string (`""`) or `"0"`, and `true` for any other non-empty string.

var str = "true";
var bool = Boolean(str);
console.log(bool);  // Output: true

var emptyStr = "";
var boolEmpty = Boolean(emptyStr);
console.log(boolEmpty);  // Output: false

These are just a few examples of type conversion in JavaScript. Remember to choose the appropriate conversion method based on the desired outcome and the specific data types involved.

var x = 5;
var y = x;  // y receives a copy of the value in x
x = 10;
console.log(y);  // Output: 5

Non-Primitive (Reference) Data Types: Non-primitive data types do not store the actual value directly. Instead, they store references (memory addresses) that point to the location in memory where the value is stored. There are three non-primitive data types in JavaScript:

Object: Represents a collection of key-value pairs, arrays, functions, and more.
Array: Represents an ordered list of values.
Function: Represents a reusable block of code that can be invoked.

Non-primitive values are compared by reference. When you assign a non-primitive value to a variable or pass it as a function argument, the reference to the value is copied, not the actual value itself.

var obj1 = { name: "John" };
var obj2 = obj1;  // obj2 receives a reference to the same object as obj1
obj1.name = "Jane";
console.log(obj2.name);  // Output: "Jane"

In the above example, changing the `name` property of `obj1` also affects `obj2` because they both refer to the same object.

Non-primitive values can be mutated by modifying the referenced object’s properties or elements. However, the reference itself remains unchanged.

Understanding the differences between primitive and non-primitive data types is important for correctly handling and manipulating values in JavaScript.

var numStr = "42";
var num = parseInt(numStr);
console.log(num);  // Output: 42

var hexStr = "FF";
var hexNum = parseInt(hexStr, 16);
console.log(hexNum);  // Output: 255

In the above example, `parseInt()` converts the string `"42"` to the integer `42`. The second example demonstrates parsing a hexadecimal string `"FF"` using a radix of `16`, resulting in the decimal value `255`.

parseFloat(): The `parseFloat()` function is used to convert a string to a floating-point number (a number with decimal places). It works similarly to `parseInt()`, but it allows for parsing and conversion of floating-point numbers.

var floatStr = "3.14";
var floatNum = parseFloat(floatStr);
console.log(floatNum);  // Output: 3.14

var scientificNotation = "6.02e23";
var scientificNum = parseFloat(scientificNotation);
console.log(scientificNum);  // Output: 6.02e+23

In the above example, `parseFloat()` converts the string `"3.14"` to the floating-point number `3.14`. The second example demonstrates parsing a string with scientific notation (`"6.02e23"`) into the corresponding floating-point number.

Both `parseInt()` and `parseFloat()` functions provide the capability to extract numerical values from strings, making them useful when dealing with user input, parsing numeric data from APIs, or performing calculations that involve string representations of numbers.

It’s important to note that if the string cannot be parsed into a valid number, both functions will return `NaN` (Not a Number). Therefore, it’s always a good practice to handle potential parsing errors and validate the resulting parsed values accordingly.

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In the above example, the string value "10" is explicitly coerced to a number using the Number() function before performing addition with the variable y.

In this case, the number 10 is implicitly coerced into a string because the other operand is a string. The + operator performs concatenation, resulting in the string "105".

It’s important to be cautious when relying on implicit coercion as it can sometimes lead to code that is difficult to understand and debug. It’s generally recommended to use explicit coercion to ensure clarity and prevent unexpected behavior in your code.

In this case, "Hello, world!" is a string.

On the other hand, a number in JavaScript represents numeric values. Numbers can be integers (whole numbers) or floating-point numbers (numbers with a decimal point). For example:

In this case, 42 is a number.

The main difference between strings and numbers in JavaScript is their inherent nature and the type of operations that can be performed on them.

Operations: Strings can be concatenated (joined together) using the + operator, which results in the concatenation of the characters. For example:

Numbers, on the other hand, can undergo mathematical operations such as addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), and more. For example:

In this case, the number 42 is implicitly coerced into a string and concatenated with the string "The answer is: ".

It’s important to note that JavaScript provides functions like parseInt() and parseFloat() to explicitly convert strings to numbers and vice versa.

Overall, strings and numbers are distinct data types in JavaScript, and understanding their differences helps determine how they behave and the operations that can be performed on them.

Number to String: To convert a number to a string, you can use the String() function or the toString() method of the number.

Boolean to String or Number: To convert a boolean value to a string or number, you can use the String() or Number() functions. When converting true, it becomes "true" or 1, respectively. When converting false, it becomes "false" or 0, respectively.

String to Boolean: To convert a string to a boolean value, you can use the Boolean() function. It will return false for an empty string ("") or "0", and true for any other non-empty string.

These are just a few examples of type conversion in JavaScript. Remember to choose the appropriate conversion method based on the desired outcome and the specific data types involved.

Non-Primitive (Reference) Data Types: Non-primitive data types do not store the actual value directly. Instead, they store references (memory addresses) that point to the location in memory where the value is stored. There are three non-primitive data types in JavaScript:

Object: Represents a collection of key-value pairs, arrays, functions, and more.

Array: Represents an ordered list of values.

Function: Represents a reusable block of code that can be invoked.

Non-primitive values are compared by reference. When you assign a non-primitive value to a variable or pass it as a function argument, the reference to the value is copied, not the actual value itself.

In the above example, changing the name property of obj1 also affects obj2 because they both refer to the same object.

Non-primitive values can be mutated by modifying the referenced object’s properties or elements. However, the reference itself remains unchanged.

Understanding the differences between primitive and non-primitive data types is important for correctly handling and manipulating values in JavaScript.

In the above example, parseInt() converts the string "42" to the integer 42. The second example demonstrates parsing a hexadecimal string "FF" using a radix of 16, resulting in the decimal value 255.

parseFloat(): The parseFloat() function is used to convert a string to a floating-point number (a number with decimal places). It works similarly to parseInt(), but it allows for parsing and conversion of floating-point numbers.

In the above example, parseFloat() converts the string "3.14" to the floating-point number 3.14. The second example demonstrates parsing a string with scientific notation ("6.02e23") into the corresponding floating-point number.

Both parseInt() and parseFloat() functions provide the capability to extract numerical values from strings, making them useful when dealing with user input, parsing numeric data from APIs, or performing calculations that involve string representations of numbers.

It’s important to note that if the string cannot be parsed into a valid number, both functions will return NaN (Not a Number). Therefore, it’s always a good practice to handle potential parsing errors and validate the resulting parsed values accordingly.

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