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JAVASCRIPT
Using a function with a closure:
Using ES6 class and static method:
Using ES6 module (singleton by default):
All of these approaches will ensure that only one instance of the Singleton class is created throughout the application’s lifecycle, and you can access that instance globally. Choose the approach that best fits your use case and coding style. Remember that while Singletons can be useful, they can also introduce global state and tight coupling, so use them judiciously.
2. Be Specific with Catch Blocks: Avoid catching generic errors like catch (error). Instead, catch specific error types to handle different scenarios appropriately. This helps you differentiate between different types of errors and handle them differently.
3. Throw Custom Errors: Create custom error classes to represent specific error scenarios in your application. This can help in better error identification and debugging.
4. Avoid Swallowing Errors: Be careful not to suppress or ignore errors without proper handling. Swallowing errors can make debugging difficult and lead to unexpected behavior in your application.
5. Handle Promise Rejections: When working with promises, always use catch() to handle promise rejections. Unhandled promise rejections can cause issues and may hide errors.
6.Use Error Logging: Implement error logging in your application to track errors in production. Logging errors can help you diagnose and fix issues reported by users.
7. Graceful Degradation: When interacting with external resources like APIs or databases, handle the possible error scenarios and provide fallback options if the resource is unavailable.
8. Validation and Input Sanitization: Validate user input and sanitize data before processing it. This can help prevent unexpected errors due to invalid data.
9. Use finally: The finally block allows you to execute code regardless of whether an error occurred or not. It can be useful for cleanup tasks or actions that must occur after the try-catch block.
10. Avoid Overuse of try-catch: While try-catch is essential for handling exceptional situations, avoid using it for regular program flow. It can impact performance and make the code harder to read.
By following these best practices, you can enhance the reliability and maintainability of your JavaScript code and improve the overall user experience by providing meaningful error messages and graceful error handling mechanisms.
Here, thisValue is the value of this that you want to set for the function when it’s executed. The rest of the arguments are provided as separate arguments.
apply() Method: The
apply()method is similar tocall(), but it accepts the function arguments as an array or an array-like object. The syntax forapply()is as follows:
In this case, the argsArray is an array (or an array-like object) containing the arguments that you want to pass to the function when it’s executed. The thisValue is again the value of this that you want to set for the function.
Example to illustrate the difference:
In the example above, the call() and apply() methods were used to invoke the greet() function with different this context (anotherPerson) and arguments.
In summary, both call() and apply() allow you to set the context (this value) explicitly for a function and provide a way to pass arguments. The key difference is in how the arguments are provided: call() takes individual arguments, while apply() takes an array or an array-like object containing the arguments.
2. Using ES6 Classes: With the introduction of ES6 classes, JavaScript provides a more familiar syntax for defining and implementing inheritance. Under the hood, it still uses prototype-based inheritance.
In both approaches, the Child object inherits properties and methods from the Parent object, and you can extend the Child object with its own methods specific to the Child “class”.
In the example above, when we change the value of originalArray[0], it doesn’t affect the shallowCopy array. However, when we modify the nested array (originalArray[3]), it affects both the originalArray and shallowCopy because they share the same reference to the nested array.
Deep Copying: Deep copying creates a completely independent copy of the original object or array, including all nested objects and arrays. It recursively copies all levels of the object’s structure, ensuring that any changes made to the copied object do not affect the original.
In the example above, the deepCopy array remains unaffected by changes made to the originalArray. The JSON.stringify() method converts the original array to a JSON string, and JSON.parse() then parses that string back into a new array, creating a deep copy.
Note: While using JSON.parse(JSON.stringify()) is a common way to perform deep copying for simple objects and arrays, it has limitations. It will not work correctly if the object contains functions, undefined values, or circular references, as JSON does not support these data types.
In summary, shallow copying creates a new object that shares references to nested elements with the original object, while deep copying creates a new object with completely independent copies of all nested elements. The choice between shallow and deep copying depends on the specific use case and the structure of the data you are dealing with. For more complex data structures, custom deep copying methods may be required to ensure a true deep copy.
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